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12 Axes Test
Portrait of William McKinley

Twenty-fifth US president

William McKinley’s political views

The twenty-fifth president, who signed the Dingley Tariff and the Gold Standard Act, led the country into the Spanish–American War and annexed Hawaii and the Philippines.

Presidency
25th, 1897–1901
Party
Republican
Lived
1843–1901
Scored on
5 of 12 axes

Strongest documented leanings

  1. Militarist85%
  2. Nationalism78%
  3. Assimilationist75%
Where McKinley stood on the twelve axes
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Where McKinley stood on the twelve axes

Each bar is one axis, between its two poles. Only axes with a documented position are scored; the others are shown as faint stubs on the icon and listed below, never as neutral.

Based on his record from 1897 until his assassination in September 1901. He is scored on five axes, the fewest in this list, because his short presidency left a narrow record on social and constitutional questions.

  • Nationalism vs InternationalismNationalism 78%
    NationalismInternationalism

    Signed the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii on 8 July 1898, though the Teller Amendment of April 1898 had disclaimed any intention to annex Cuba.

  • Militarist vs PacifistMilitarist 85%
    MilitaristPacifist

    Turned the Cuba crisis over to Congress on 11 April 1898; Congress declared war on 20 April, and the Treaty of Paris of 18 December 1898 gave the United States Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

  • Assimilationist vs MulticulturalistAssimilationist 75%
    AssimilationistMulticulturalist

    On 21 December 1898 ordered that American military government extend over all of the ceded Philippines, under the policy he called benevolent assimilation.

  • Planned vs Laissez-faireLaissez-faire 50%
    PlannedLaissez-faire

    Signed the Dingley Tariff, which protected domestic industry, and the Gold Standard Act of 14 March 1900, which fixed the dollar at 25.8 grains of gold; the record points both ways.

  • Isolationism vs GlobalismIsolationism 72%
    IsolationismGlobalism

    Signed the Dingley Tariff on 24 July 1897, the highest in US history, with rates of about 52% in its first year, though his reciprocity treaties were later blocked by the Senate.

No documented position, so not scored: Federal vs Unitary, Democratic vs Autocratic, Security vs Freedom, Collectivize vs Privatize, Irreligious vs Religious, Progressive vs Traditional, and Acceleration vs Bioconservative.

What shaped the scores

Dated actions from the record. Each is tied to the axis it informs.

  1. McKinley signs the Dingley Tariff, which raises average duties to about 52% in its first year.

    Isolationism vs Globalism

    Dingley Tariff · Wikipedia
  2. Congress declares war on Spain and adopts the Teller Amendment, which disclaims any intention to annex Cuba.

    Militarist vs Pacifist

    Presidency of William McKinley · Wikipedia
  3. McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii.

    Nationalism vs Internationalism

    Presidency of William McKinley · Wikipedia
  4. The Treaty of Paris gives the United States Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam; the Senate ratifies it 57–27 on 6 February 1899.

    Militarist vs Pacifist

    Presidency of William McKinley · Wikipedia
  5. He orders American military government over the ceded Philippines, in a memorandum known for the phrase benevolent assimilation.

    Assimilationist vs Multiculturalist

    Benevolent assimilation · Wikipedia
  6. He signs the Gold Standard Act, which fixes the dollar at 25.8 grains of gold.

    Planned vs Laissez-faire

    Gold Standard Act · Wikipedia

McKinley compared with other presidents

Measured on the axes both presidents are scored on, with the same rules as the quiz.

Questions about William McKinley’s politics

The twenty-fifth president, who signed the Dingley Tariff and the Gold Standard Act, led the country into the Spanish–American War and annexed Hawaii and the Philippines. On our twelve axes, the strongest documented leanings are Militarist 85%, Nationalism 78%, Assimilationist 75%.

Those labels changed meaning over time, so this site describes McKinley on twelve axes instead. On the economy, McKinley’s record sits between government action and free markets. The scores above give the evidence behind each axis.

William McKinley was a Republican. McKinley was the 25th president, serving 1897–1901.

On the axes they are both scored on, McKinley is closest to Theodore Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Ronald Reagan and furthest from Woodrow Wilson, Harry S. Truman, Jimmy Carter.

Spain gave up the islands in the Treaty of Paris, signed on 18 December 1898, and the Senate ratified it on 6 February 1899 by 57 votes to 27. Three days after the signing, McKinley ordered American military government over all of the ceded territory.

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